The judiciary interprets laws, ensures justice, and protects rights. Its structure includes Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts, functioning independently to uphold constitutional values, resolve disputes, and maintain rule of law.
Single Integrated System – One unified judicial framework for both central and state laws.
Three Levels – Supreme Court (apex), High Courts (state/UT level), Subordinate Courts (district/local).
Supreme Court – Established in 1950; guardian of the Constitution; Chief Justice + 33 judges (2025).
Supreme Court Jurisdiction – Original, Appellate, Advisory; protector of Fundamental Rights.
High Courts – 25 in total; exercise original, appellate, and writ jurisdiction under Article 226.
High Court Features – Oldest: Calcutta (1862); Largest: Allahabad (160 judges); retirement age 62.
Subordinate Courts – District & Sessions Courts, Civil Courts, Criminal Courts, Revenue Courts under HC control.
Judicial Independence – Protected by Constitution (Articles 124–147, 214–231); separation from executive (Article 50).
Writ Powers – Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto safeguard rights.
Judicial Activism – Public Interest Litigations (PILs), suo motu actions expand access to justice and protec...
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