UPSC Physics Optional Syllabus - Paper 1

1.(a) Mechanics of Particles:

Laws of motion; conservation of energy and momentum, applications to rotating frames, centripetal and Coriolis accelerations; Motion under a central force; Conservation of angular momentum, Kepler's laws; Fields and potentials; Gravitational field and potential due to spherical bodies, Gauss and Poisson equations, gravitational self-energy; Two-body problem; Reduced mass; Rutherford scattering; Centre of mass a laboratory reference frames.

(b) Mechanics of Rigid Bodies:

System of particles; Centre of mass, angular momentum, equations of motion; Conservation theorems for energy, momentum, and angular momentum; Elastic and inelastic collisions; Rigid body; Degrees of freedom, Euler's theorem, angular velocity, angular momentum, moments of inertia, theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes, equation of motion for rotation; Molecular rotations (as rigid bodies); Di and tri-atomic molecules; Processional motion; top, gyroscope.

(c) Mechanics of Continuous Media:

Elasticity, Hooke's law and elastic constants of isotropic solids and their inter-relation; Streamline (Laminar) flow, viscosity, Poiseuille's equation, Bernoulli's equation, Stokes' law and applications.

(d) Special Relativity:

Michelson-Morley experiment and its implications; Lorentz transformations-length contraction, time dilation, the addition of relativistic velocities, aberration, and Doppler effect, mass-energy relation, simple applications to a decay process; Four-dimensional momentum vector; Covariance of equations of physics.

2. Waves and Optics:

(a) Waves:

Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillation, forced oscillation and resonance; Beats; Stationary waves in a string; Pulses and wave packets; Phase and group velocities; Reflection and Refraction from Huygens' principle.

(b) Geometrical Optics:

Laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat's principle; Matrix method in paraxial optics-thin lens formula, nodal planes, system of two thin lenses, chromatic and spherical aberrations.

(c) Interference:

Interference of light-Young's experiment, Newton's rings, interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer; Multiple beam interference, and Fabry-Perot interferometer.

(d) Diffraction:

Fraunhofer diffraction-single slit, double slit, diffraction grating, resolving power; Diffraction by a circular aperture and the Airy pattern; Fresnel diffraction: half-period zones and zone plates, circular aperture.

(e) Polarization and Modern Optics:

Production and detection of linearly and circularly polarized light; Double refraction, quarter wave plate; Optical activity; Principles of fibre optics, attenuation; Pulse dispersion in step index and parabolic index fibres; Material dispersion, single mode fibres; Lasers-Einstein A and B coefficients; Ruby and He-Ne lasers; Characteristics of laser light-spatial and temporal coherence; Focusing of laser beams; Three-level scheme for laser operation; Holography and simple applications.

3. Electricity and Magnetism:

(a) Electrostatics and Magnetostatics:

Laplace and Poisson equations in electrostatics and their applications; Energy of a system of charges, multiple expansion of scalar potential; Method of images and its applications; Potential and field due to a dipole, force and torque on a dipole in an external field; Dielectrics, polarization; Solutions to boundary-value problems-conducting and dielectric spheres in a uniform electric field; Magnetic shell, uniformly magnetized sphere; Ferromagnetic materials, hysteresis, energy loss.

(b) Current Electricity:

Kirchhoff's laws and their applications; Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, Faraday's law, Lenz' law; Self-and mutual-inductances; Mean and r m s values in AC circuits; DC and AC circuits with R, L, and C components; Series and parallel resonances; Quality factor; Principle of transformer.

4. Electromagnetic Waves and Blackbody Radiation:

Displacement current and Maxwell's equations; Wave equations in vacuum, Pointing theorem; Vector and scalar potentials; Electromagnetic field tensor, covariance of Maxwell's equations; Wave equations in isotropic dielectrics, reflection and refraction at the boundary of two dielectrics; Fresnel's relations; Total internal reflection; Normal and anomalous dispersion; Rayleigh scattering; Black body radiation and Planck's radiation law, Stefan - Boltzmann law, Wien's displacement law and Rayleigh-Jeans' law.

5. Thermal and Statistical Physics:

(a) Thermodynamics:

Laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, entropy; Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric processes and entropy changes; Otto and Diesel engines, Gibbs' phase rule and chemical potential; vander Waals equation of state of a real gas, critical constants; Maxwell-Boltzman' distribution of molecular velocities, transport phenomena, equi-partition, and virial theorems; Dulong-Pet it, Einstein, and Debye's theories of specific heat of solids; Maxwell relations and applications; Clausius- Clapeyron equation; Adiabatic de magnetization, Joule-Kelvin effect and liquefaction of gases.

(b) Statistical Physics:

Macro and micro states, statistical distributions, Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac distributions, applications to specific heat of gases and black body radiation; Concept of negative temperatures

UPSC Physics Optional Syllabus - Paper 2

1. Quantum Mechanics:

Wave-particle duality: Schoedinger equation and expectation values; Uncertainty principle; Solutions of the one-dimensional Schoedinger equation for a free particle (Gaussian wave-packet), particle in a box, particle in a finite well, linear harmonic oscillator; Reflection and transmission by a step potential and by a rectangular barrier; Particle in a three-dimensional box, density of states, free electron theory of metals; Angular momentum; Hydrogen atom; Spin half particles, properties of Pauli spin matrices.

2. Atomic and Molecular Physics:

Stern-Gerlach experiment, electron spin, fine structure of hydrogen atom; L-S coupling, J-J coupling; Spectroscopic notation of atomic states; Zeeman effect; Frank Condon principle and applications; Elementary theory of rotational, vibrational and electronic spectra of diatomic molecules; Raman effect and molecular structure; Laser Raman spectroscopy; Importance of neutral hydrogen atom, molecular hydrogen and molecular hydrogen ion in astronomy; Fluorescence and Phosphorescence; Elementary theory and applications of NMR and EPR; Elementary ideas about Lamb shift and its significance.

3. Nuclear and Particle Physics:

Basic nuclear properties-size, binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment; Semi-empirical mass formula and applications, mass parabolas; Ground state of deuteron, magnetic moment and non-central forces; Meson theory of nuclear forces; Salient features of nuclear forces; Shell model of the nucleus - successes and limitations; Violation of parity in beta decay; Gamma decay and internal conversion; Elementary ideas about Mossbauer spectroscopy; Q-value of nuclear reactions; Nuclear fission and fusion, energy production in stars; Nuclear reactors.

Classification of elementary particles and their interactions; Conservation laws; Quark structure of hadrons; Field quanta of electro weak and strong interactions; Elementary ideas about unification of forces; Physics of neutrinos.

4. Solid State Physics, Devices and Electronics:

Crystalline and amorphous structure of matter; Different crystal systems, space groups; Methods of determination of crystal structure; X-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microcopies; Band theory of solids - conductors, insulators and semiconductors; Thermal properties of solids, specific heat, Debye theory; Magnetism: para and ferro magnetism; Elements of superconductivity, Meissner effect, Josephson junctions, and applications; Elementary ideas about high-temperature superconductivity.

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; pn-p and n-p-n transistors; Amplifiers and oscillators; Op-amps; FET, JFET, and MOSFET; Digital electronics-Boolean identities, De Morgan's laws, logic gates, and truth tables; Simple logic circuits; Thermostats, solar cells; Fundamentals of microprocessors and digital computers.

 BPSC

Bihar Public Service Commission, Patna

1.         State Civil Services: PCS (Provincial Civil Services)

• BPSC is the organizing body of PCS exam for the state.

2.         Eligibility:

1. Age- 21 year to 37 year
2. Minimum Educational Qualification- Graduate from any recognized university

3.         Scheme of Examination

Interview/Personality Test-                                                  120

4.         Syllabus of State Civil Service:

1. Preliminary Examination
2. Main Examination
3. Interview

STATE SERVICE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

 SYLLABUS

• General Science (General understanding of science, including matters of everyday observation and experience)
• Current Affairs of National/International importance
• History of India and Bihar (General understanding of the subject with the broad aspects of the history of Bihar)
• Geography of India and Bihar (Questions will relate to physical, social and economic geography of the country including the main features of Indian agricultural and natural resources)
• General geography and geographical division of Bihar and its major river systems
• Indian polity (Questions will test knowledge on the country’s political system, Panchayati raj, community development and planning in India and Bihar)
• Indian economy and economy of Bihar post-independence
• Indian Movements and Contribution of Bihar.(Question will be related to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence with special reference to Bihar)

• General Mental Ability

  STATE SERVICE MAINS EXAMINATION

  SYLLABUS

  General Hindi

• The paper of General Hindi will be qualifying in nature. The paper will be of 100 marks and the distribution of the marks is as follows:

  • Essay: 30 Marks
  • Grammar: 30 Marks
  • Syntax: 25 Marks

  • Summarisation: 15 Marks

    General Studies- I

  SYLLABUS

  Modern History of India and Indian culture 

• History of the country with special reference to Bihar in the middle of nineteenth century, the introduction and expansion of western and technical education, Bihar’s role in the Indian freedom struggle, the Santhal Uprising in Bihar, Birsa movement, Champaran Satyagrah, the Quit India Movement, chief features of Mauryan and Pal art, Patna Qulam painting, Roles of Gandhi, Tagore and Nehru

  Current Affairs:

• Current events of national and international importance

  Statistics at 10the level:

• Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams (Questions to test the ability to draw conclusions from statistical, graphical or diagrammatical information and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies) 

  General Studies: II 

  SYLLABUS

  Indian Polity

• Political system of India and Bihar
• Constitution of India

• Questions based on the political system in India including Bihar

  Indian economy

• Nature of Indian economy
• Economy and social development
• Infrastructures

• Five year plans, human development etc.

  Geography

• Geography of India Physical Economic demographic and human geography

• These topics in the reference of Bihar also.

  Geography of Bihar

• Social economic, demographic and political geography

  Science and technology

• The role and impact of science and technology in the development of India 

• Questions to test awareness of the role and impact of science and technology in India and Bihar with special reference to applied science

  Optional Subjects

  A candidate is required to choose any one subject. Here is the list of the Optional Subjects:

1. Agriculture

 2. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science

 3. Anthropology

4. Botany

5. Chemistry

6. Civil Engineering

7. Commerce & Accountancy

8. Economics

9. Electrical Engineering

10. Geography

11. Geology

12. History

13. Labour and Social Welfare

14. Law

15. Management

16. Mathematics

17. Mechanical Engineering

18. Philosophy

19. Physics

20. Political Science & International Relations

21. Psychology

22. Public Administration

23. Sociology

24. Statistics

25. Zoology26. Hindi Language and Literature

27. English Language and Literature

28. Urdu Language and Literature

29. Bangla Language and Literature

30. Sanskrit Language and Literature

31. Persian Language and Literature

32. Arabic Language and Literature

33. Pali Language and Literature

34. Maithili Language and Literature

Interview/Personality Test

• Interview is the final stage of the Civil Services Examination which is held by commission.
• Interview is also known as personality Test of candidate who is appearing before board of Interview Panel. Interview is organized to check the all dimension of candidate for the environment of civil services that the candidate is appropriate for it or not so it is advised to all appearing candidate in interview/personality Test must have self-confidence and bold and must give answer in polite way and relaxed mind.

                                                                  UPPSC 

                          Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission, Prayagraj

1.         State Civil Services: PCS (Provincial Civil Services)

• UPPSC is the organizing body of PCS/AFO exam for the state.

 2.        Eligibility:

1. Age- 21 year to 40 year
2. Minimum Educational Qualification- Graduate from any recognized university

3.         Scheme of Examination

Interview/Personality Test-   100

4.         Syllabus of State Civil Service:

1. Preliminary Examination
2. Main Examination
3. Interview

STATE SERVICE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

 SYLLABUS

General Studies I

• Current events of National and International importance: On Current Events of National and International Importance, candidates will be expected to have knowledge about them.
• Indian History: Ancient, Medieval, Modern: In History emphasis should be on broad understanding social, economic and political aspects of Indian History. In the Indian National Movement, the candidates are expected to have synoptic view of nature and character of the freedom movement, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence
• Indian and World Geography- Physical, Social, Economic geography of India and the World: In World Geography only general understanding of the subject will be expected. Questions on the Geography of India will relate to Physical, Social & Economic Geography of India.
• Indian Governance and Polity: It covers details of Indian Polity, Economic and Culture, questions will test knowledge of country's political system including Panchayati Raj and Community Development, broad features of Economic policy in India and Indian Culture Political System, Constitution, Public Policy, Panchayati Raj, Rights issues, etc.
• Social and Economic Development: Sustainable Development Poverty Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc. General Issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity, and Climate Change- that do not require subject specialization.

Environmental Ecology, Climate Change, and Biodiversity – general issues that do not require subject specialization: The questions will be in respect to problems and relationship between Population, Environment and Urbanisation. General Issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialization, General awareness of the subject is expected from candidates.

• General Science: This section questions will be from general appreciation and understanding of Science including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated person, who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline

General Studies II (CSAT)

1. Comprehension
2. Interpersonal skills (including communication skills)
3. Analytical Ability & Logical Reasoning
4. Problem Solving & Decision Making
5. General Mental Ability
6. Elementary Mathematics (class X level – Algebra, Statistics, Geometry and Arithmetic):
7. Elementary Mathematics (Upto Class X Level)

• Arithmetic: 

(i)           Number systems: Natural Numbers, Integers, Rational and Irrational numbers, Real numbers, Divisors of an Integer, prime Integers, L.C.M. and H.C.F. of integers and their Interrelationship. 

(ii)          Average 
(iii)         Ratio and proportion 
(iv)         Percentage 
(v)          Profit and Loss
(vi)         Simple and Compound Interests
(vii)        Work and Time
(viii)       Speed, Time and Distance

• Algebra: 

(i)           Factors of polynomials, L.C.M. and H.C.F. of polynomials and their Interrelationship, Remainder theorem, simultaneous linear equations, quadratic equations.
(ii)          Set Theory:- Set, null set, subsets and proper subsets of a set, operations (Union, Intersections, difference, symmetric difference) between sets, venn diagram.

• Geometry: 

(i)        Constructions and theorems regarding triangle, rectangle, square, trapezium and  circles, their perimeter and area.
(ii)       Volume and surface area of sphere, right circular cylinder, right circular Cone and Cube.

• Statistics: Collection of data, Classification of data, frequency, frequency distribution, tabulation, cumulative frequency. Representation of data - Bar diagram, Pie chart, histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative frequency curves (ogives), Measures of Central tendency: Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode.

General English (class X level)

• Comprehension
• Active Voice and Passive Voice
• Parts of Speech
• Transformation of Sentences
• Direct and Indirect Speech
• Punctuation and Spellings
• Words meanings
• Vocabulary & Usage
• Idioms and Phrases
• Fill in the Blanks

General Hindi (class X level)

• हिंदी वर्णमाला, विरामचिन्ह
• संधि, समास
• क्रियाएं
• अनेकार्थी शब्द
• वर्तनी
• अर्थबोध
• विलोम शब्द
• पर्यायवाची
• मुहावरे एवं लोकोक्तियां
• तत्सम एवं तद्भव देशज विदेशी (शब्द भंडार)
• हिंदी भाषा के प्रयोग में होने वाली अशुद्धियां
• उत्तर प्रदेश की मुख्य बोलियां शब्द रचना, वाक्य रचना, अर्थ

PH Physics

Section 1: Mathematical Physics

Vector Calculus: Linear vector space: basis, orthogonality and completeness; matrices; similarity transformations, diagonalization, eigen values and eigen vectors; linear differential equations: second order linear differential equations and solutions involving special functions; complex analysis: Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Cauchy's theorem, singularities, residue theorem and applications; Laplace transform, Fourier analysis; elementary ideas about tensors: covariant and contravariant tensors.

Section 2: Classical Mechanics

Lagrangian Formulation: D'Alembert's principle, Euler-Lagrange equation, Hamilton's principle, calculus of variations; symmetry and conservation laws; central force motion: Kepler problem and Rutherford scattering; small oscillations: coupled oscillations and normal modes; rigid body dynamics: interia tensor, orthogonal transformations, Euler angles, Torque free motion of a symmetric top; Hamiltonian and Hamilton's equations of motion; Liouville's theorem; canonical transformations: action-angle variables, Poisson brackets, Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Special Theory of Relativity: Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics, mass-energy equivalence.

Section 3: Electromagnetic Theory

Solutions of electrostatic and magnetostatic problems including boundary value problems; method of images; separation of variables; dielectrics and conductors; magnetic materials; multipole expansion; Maxwell's equations; scalar and vector potentials; Coulomb and Lorentz gauges; electromagnetic waves in free space, non-conducting and conducting media; reflection and transmission at normal and oblique incidences; polarization of electromagnetic waves; Poynting vector, Poynting theorem, energy and momentum of electromagnetic waves; radiation from amoving charge.

Section 4: Quantum Mechanics

Postulates of quantum mechanics; uncertainty principle; Schrodinger equation; Dirac Bra-Ket notation, linear vectors and operators in Hilbert space; one dimensional potentials: step potential, finite rectangular well, tunneling from a potential barrier, particle in a box, harmonic oscillator; two and three dimensional systems: concept of degeneracy; hydrogen atom; angular momentum and spin; addition of angular momenta; variational method and WKB approximation, time

independent perturbation theory; elementary scattering theory, Born approximation; symmetries in quantum mechanical systems.

Section 5: Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

Laws of thermodynamics; macro states and microstates; phase space; ensembles; partition function, free energy, calculation of thermodynamic quantities; classical and quantum statistics; degenerate Fermi gas; black body radiation and Planck's distribution law; Bose-Einstein condensation; first and second order phase transitions, phase equilibria, critical point.

Section 6: Atomic and Molecular Physics

Spectra of one-and many-electron atoms; spin-orbit interaction: LS and jj couplings; fine and hyperfine structures; Zeeman and Stark effects; electric dipole transitions and selection rules; rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic transitions in diatomic molecules, Franck-Condon principle; Raman effect; EPR, NMR, ESR, X-ray spectra; lasers: Einstein coefficients, population inversion, two and three level systems.

Section 7: Solid State Physics

Elements of crystallography; diffraction methods for structure determination; bonding in solids; lattice vibrations and thermal properties of solids; free electron theory; band theory of solids: nearly free electron and tight binding models; metals, semiconductors and insulators; conductivity, mobility and effective mass; Optical properties of solids; Kramer's-Kronig relation, intra- and inter-band transitions; dielectric properties of solid; dielectric function, polarizability, ferroelectricity; magnetic properties of solids; dia, para, ferro, antiferro and ferri-magnetism, domains and magnetic anisotropy; superconductivity: Type-I and Type II superconductors, Meissner effect, London equation, BCS Theory, flux quantization.

Section 8: Electronics

Semiconductors in Equilibrium: Electron and hole statistics in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; metal-semiconductor junctions; Ohmic and rectifying contacts; PN diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field effect transistors; negative and positive feedback circuits; oscillators, operational amplifiers, active filters; basics of digital logic circuits, combinational and sequential circuits, flip-flops, timers, counters, registers, A/D and D/A conversion.

Section 9: Nuclear and Particle Physics

Nuclear radii and charge distributions, nuclear binding energy, electric and magnetic moments; semi-empirical mass formula; nuclear models; liquid drop model, nuclear shell model; nuclear force and two nucleon problem; alpha decay, beta-decay, electromagnetic transitions in nuclei; Rutherford scattering, nuclear reactions, conservation laws; fission and fusion; particle accelerators and detectors; elementary particles; photons, baryons, mesons and leptons; quark model; conservation laws, isospin symmetry, charge conjugation, parity and time-reversal invariance.

                                                                                                                                   SCIENCE 

                                                                                                                                  PHYSICS (A) 

 General Physics

Units and dimensions, vector and scalar quantities, products ( scalar and vector), gradient, divergence & curl, Gauss and Stoke theorems and applications

 Newtonian Mechanics

 Motion, force and Acceleration equations of motion, Kinetic and potential energy, Linear and angular momentum, conservation of energy and momentum ,conservative and non-conservative forces, Rotatory motion, centrifugal and centripetal forces, gravitational force, central force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, geo stationary, satellites, acceleration due to gravity, escape velocity simple and compound pendulums. gravity, escape velocity.

 Rotational Mechanics 

 Moment of inertia, Theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes, Moment of inertia of ring, circular disc, sphere and cylinder, Angular momentum and  Torque.

Fluid Mechanics 

 Viscosity, Streamline and Turbulent motion, critical velocity. Stoke's and Poissollis’s formula. Bernoulli theorem and uses. 

Surface tension

 Excess pressure inside curved surfaces, surface energy and full of liquid through capillary

 Elasticity

Elastic Constants and their mutual relations Bending moment, cantilever.

 Theory of relativity, variation of mass, length and time with velocity, mass energy equivalence.

Heat

 Concept of heat and temperature, Various scales of temperature, absolute temperature, Thermal expansion of solids, gases and liquids, good and bad conductors, radiation of heat, blackbody radiation, Rayleigh- Jean's Law, Planck Law, Wien’s law, Newtons law of cooling and Stefan's law, internal energy, Isothermal and Adiabatic changes, 1& II Law of thermodynamics, Carrot engine, Entropy, Maxwell's thermodynamic relations, Joule’s Thomson effect, Clausius Clapeyron equations.

 Waves and Oscillations:   

Simple harmonic motion; progressive and stationary waves ,Phase and Group velocities ,Damped harmonic motion, forced oscillation and resonance, Sharpness of resonance, super position of waves ,Beats and Lissajous figures ,Doppler effect.

 Optics:

 Spherical mirrors and lenses, Reactive indices, Formulae for focal lengths, Coaxial lens system, Combination of thin lenses, Eye pieces: Ramsden and Huygen's eye piece, aberrations of lenses, Human eye, Hypermetropia and myopia. Basic concepts of Interference, Diffraction and polarization, Theory of Biprism, Newtons rings, Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction, Zone plate, Gratings Double refraction, Plane, Circular and Elliptical Polarisation, quarter and half wave plates. Rayleigh criterion and resolving power of prism and grating Introduction of laser, Ruby and Helium Neonlaser.

 Electricity and Magnetism:

 Primary and Secondary cells, internal resistance, electromotive force, combinations of resistance and capacitances, current drift velocity and conductivity, galvanometer ,Ammeter and voltmeter ,Wheatstone's bridge and applications ,Biot-Savart law, Ampere's Circuital law, electro- magnetic induction, Faradays law & Lenz's law, self and mutual inductions, Alternating current, Series and parallel resonance (LCR)circuits ,para-dia and Ferromagnetism, Maxwell's electromagnetic field equations, Displacement current Electromagnetic waves.

 Modern Physics:

 Atomic-structure, vector atom model and Bohr model, Paull's Exclusion principle, optical and X-ray spectra, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect and Zeeman effect, Paschen Back effect, Raman effect, de Broglie waves uncertainty principle, Schrodinger equation and applications, Radioactivity, Metal. Semiconductor and insulaters. P N Junctions, Zener diode, Transistors: Construction and applications. Logic gates, Truth tables, Boolean Algebra.

.                                                                                                               (B) CHEMISTRY 

General Organic Chemistry

 Hyper conjugation, Inductive effect, Resonance, and Aromaticity and their applications. Electrophiles and nucleophiles. and reaction intermediates (carbocation, carbanion, free radical, carbine and benzyne)

 Reaction mechanism 

SN„ SN2, E„ and E2 reaction, electrophilic addition of alkenes, alkynes and free radical addition of alkenes. Nucleophilic addition of carbonyl compounds. Electrophilic aromatic substitution, ortho/para/meta directing groups and activating and deactivating groups in ArSE reaction . 

Mechanism of name reaction:

 Aldol reaction, Perkin reaction, Cannizzaro reaction, Benzo in condensation, Witting reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction ,Hoffmann Bromamide reaction, Knoevenagel reaction ,Michael addition

. Carbohydrates:

(only glucose and fructose) mutarotation formation of ozazone, oxidation and reduction.

 Polymer: 

Natural (starch, cellulose, rubber and silk) and synthetic polymers, Nylon, Terylene ,Polyethylene ,PVC ,and Teflon ).

 Isomerism:

 Structural and stereoisomerism (enantiomerism , diast ereomerism R/S and E/Z nomenclature).

 Absorption Spectroscopy UV: 

Chromophore, auxochrome, bathochromic and hypsochromic shift, effect of conjugation and stability on λmax Woodward- Fieser rule for calculation of max of polyenes. I R: Absorption frequency of Various functional groups and Factors on which Vmax depend.

 Structure of Atom 

Bohr's model, quantum numbers and Modern Atomic Theory.

Periodic properties

Atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity Lattice energy, hydration energy and their relation to solubility of ionic compounds.

Chemical bonding

Ionic, covalent, coordinate and hydrogen bonding. Shape of molecules.

 Coordination Chemistry

3d block elements, nomenclature of complexes, ligands (monodentate, bidentate, polydentate), Werner theory and valence bond theory, Biologically active coordination compounds (haemoglobin, myoglobin, vitamin B12, chlorophyll)

 Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation number, redox reaction and standard electrode potential of half cell and its application in inorganic chemistry.

 Radioactivity

Natural radioactivity, radioactive decay, properties of, and Rays,half life period, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 

Chemical kinetics and catalysis

Molecularity, order of reaction, examples of zero, first and second order reaction, examples of catalytic and enzymatic reactions.

Thermodynamics

First and second law of thermodynamics, enthalpy of a system and capacity at constant volume and pressure, relation between Cp and Cv Extensive and intensive property.

Chemical equilibrium

Law of mass action, Le-Chatelier principle and its application, degree of dissociation, relation between Kp and Kc activity and activity coefficient.

Ionic equilibrium

Dissociation of weak acid (Ka) and weak base.(K ), hydrolysis of salts of weak acid and Weak base, strong acid-weak base and weak acid- strong base. Solubility and solubility product. Dissociation constant of water (Kw), buffer solution and pH of the buffer solution.

A.MECHANICS 

1. Vector algebra: scalar and vector products, vector identities, background of vector calculus, concept of line, surface and volume integrals, physical meaning of gradient, divergence and curl, Gauss and Stoke's theorems. 

Centre of mass, rotating frame of reference, coriolis force, motion of rigid bodies, moment of inertia, theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes, movement of inertia of sphere, ring, cylinder and disc. Angular momentum, torque, central force, Kepler's Law, motion of satellite (including geostationary satellite), Galilieon transformation, special theory of relativity, Michelson - Morley experiment, Lorentz transformation equations, variation of mass and length with velocity, time dilation, addition of velocities and mass energy equivalence relation. Stream line and turbulent motions, Reynold's number, Stoke's law, Poiseulle's formula, flow of liquid through narrow tube. Bernoulli's formula with applications, surface tension, Stress- strain relationship, Hooke's Law, modulii of elasticity and interrelation between them Poisson's ratio, elastic energy. Physical world and measurement, Kinematics, Laws of motion, Work energy and power, Gravitation.

2.THERMAL PHYSICS  

Concept of temperature and the zeroth law, first law of thermodynamics and internal energy, isothermal and adiabatic changes, second law of thermodynamics, Entropy, Carnot cycle and Carnot engine, absolute scale of temperature. Maxwell's thermodynamical relations. The Clausius- Clapeyron equation, porus plug experiment and Joule Thomson effect. Kinetic theory of gases, Maxwell distribution law of velocities, calculation of mean velocity, root mean square velocity and the Most probable velocity, degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, specific heats of gases, mean free path, transport phenomena. Black body radiation, Stefan's law, Newtons law of cooling Wien's law, Rayleigh Jeans’ law, Planck's law, solar constant. Production of low temperatures by adiabatic demagnetization. Behaviour of ideal gas and molecular theory of gasses.

3.WAVE AND OSCILLATION 

Oscillation, simple harmonic motion, stationary and progressive waves, damped harmonic-motion, forced oscillations and resonance, sharpness of resonance, wave equation, Plane and spherical waves superposition of waves. Fourier analysis of periodic waves- square and triangular waves, phase and group velocities, Beats.

4.OPTICS 

Cardinal points of a coaxial system, simple problems on combination of thin lenses eyepiece- Ramsdon and Huygens eyepieces. Huygen's principle, conditions for sustained interference Young double slit experiment division of amplitude and wavefront, Fresnel biprism, Newtons rings, Michelson interferometer, diffraction by straight edge, single, double and multiple slits. Rayleigh's criterion, resolving power of optical instruments. Polarization, production and detection of polarized light (linear circular and elliptical) Brewster's law, Huygen's theory of double refraction, optical rotation, polarimeter

5.LESER 

Temporal and spatial coherence, stimulated emission, basic ideas about laser emission, Ruby and He-Ne lasers

6.ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 

Gauss law and its applications, electric potential, Kirchoff's laws and their applications, Wheatstone's bridge, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's circuital law, and their applications. Magnetic induction and field strength, magnetic field on the axis of circular coil, Electro magnetic induction, Faraday's and Lenz's law, self and mutual inductances, alternating current, L.C.R. circuits, series and parallel resonance Circuits, quality factor. Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Poynting vector, dia-, para-, ferro-, antiferro- and feri-magnetism (qualitative approach only), hysteresis .

7.MODERN PHYSICS 

Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom, electron spin, Pauli's exclusion principle, optical and X-ray spectra, spatial quantization and Stern-Gerlach experiment, vector model of the atom, spectral terms, fine structure of spectral lines J-J and L-S coupling, Zeeman effect, Raman effect, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, de Broglie waves, wave-particle duality, Uncertainty principle, postulates of quantum mechanics, Schrodinger wave equation and its applications to (i) particle in a box (ii) motion across a step potential (iii) one dimensional harmonic oscillator, and eigen values, Einstein's and debye theory of specific heat of solids. Band theory of solids energy band, Kronig-Penny model in one dimension, energy gap, distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators, variation of Fermi level with temperature and effective mass. Radio activity, alfa, beta and gamma radiations, elementary theory of alpha decay, nuclear binding energy, Semi empirical mass formula, nuclear fission and fussion and nuclear reactors elementary particles, particle accelerator, cyclotron, linear accelerator, Elementary idea's of super conductivity.

8.ELECTRONICS 

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, PN junction, Zener diode and their characteristics, unipolar and bipolar transisters solar cells, use of diode and transistor for rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation and detection, r.f. waves. Logic gates and their truth tables, some applications.

Syllabus for JEE (Main) - 2026        

  PHYSICS

UNIT 1: Units and Measurements

Units of measurements, System of units, SI Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements. Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

UNIT 2: Kinematics

The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity.  Motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion.

UNIT 3: Laws of Motion

Force and inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, momentum, Newton’s second Law of motion, impulse, Newton’s third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion, centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

UNIT 4: Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force, kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. The potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non- conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle. Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT 5: Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, centre of mass of a rigid body. Basic concepts of rotational motion, moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications. The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

UNIT 6: Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy, gravitational potential. Escape velocity, motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

UNIT 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications, effect of gravity on fluid pressure, viscosity, Stoke’s law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension: drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

UNIT 8: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and the concept of temperature, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, work and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

UNIT 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, kinetic theory of gases: assumptions, the concept of pressure, kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases, mean free path, Avogadro's number.

UNIT 10: Oscillations and Waves

Oscillations and periodic motion: time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation, phase, oscillations of a spring: restoring force and force constant, energy in S.H.M.: kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum: derivation of expression for its time period. Wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of the travelling wave, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats.

UNIT 11: Electrostatics

Electric charges: conservation of charge, Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges, superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel and capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

UNIT 12: Current Electricity

Electric current: drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, I-V characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, series and parallel combinations of resistors, temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications, Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge.

UNIT 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop, Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, the force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, the effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

UNIT 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law, induced emf and current, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, wattless current, AC generator and transformer.

UNIT 15: Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays), applications of electromagnetic waves. 

UNIT 16: Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula, total internal reflection and its applications, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens ‘Principle, laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference: Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Polarization: plane-polarized light, Brewster's law, uses of plane- polarized light and Polaroid.

UNIT 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of light. Matter waves: wave nature of particle, de- Broglie relation.

UNIT 18: Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford's model of atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

UNIT 19: Electronic Devices

Semiconductors, semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, the photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

UNIT 20: Experimental Skills

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

1. Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of
14. Convex mirror

15. Concave mirror and

    (iii)Convex lens, using the parallax method.

16. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
17. The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
18. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
19. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.

20. Identification of diode, LED, resistor, a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

     

CHEMISTRY

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory, Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound, Laws of chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model, dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom and its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions, variation of  and  2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals, various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements and extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, entropy, types of processes.

The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes, ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity. ΔG°(Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and nonideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non- ideal solutions, Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass using colligative properties, abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM

Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of Δ G and Δ G ° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst, Le Chatelier’s principle.

Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, solubility products and buffer solutions.

UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number and balancing of redox reactions.

Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.

Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst equation and its applications, relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change, dry cell and lead accumulator, fuel cells.

UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bi-molecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 10: p- BLOCK ELEMENTS 

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

UNIT 11: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements - General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and Lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

UNIT 12: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism, Bonding: Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography principles and their applications.

Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,

UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond

- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

UNITS15:HYDROCARBONS

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes - Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.

Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration.

Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene.

UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

General methods of preparation, properties   and reactions, nature  of C-X bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.

UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structure.

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen), the acidity of  -hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

CARBOHYDRATES – Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).

PROTEINS - Elementary idea of  -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

VITAMINS – Classification and functions.

NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.

Hormones (General introduction)

UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the following functional groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:

Inorganic compounds, Mohr’s salt, potash alum.

Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+

Anions- CO32−, S2-, SO42−, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

Syllabus for JEE (Main)- 2026 Syllabus for JEE Main 

MATHEMATICS

UNIT1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:

 Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relations, type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions.

UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: 

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, Quadratic equations in real and complex number systems and their solutions; Relations between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

UNIT3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:

 Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants; Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix; Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices.

UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:

 The fundamental principle of counting, permutations and combinations; Meaning of P(n, r) and C(n, r). Simple applications.

UNIT 5: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS: 

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term and simple applications. 

UNIT 6: SEQUENCE AND SERIES:

 Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M.

UNIT 7: LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY: 

Real–valued functions, algebra of functions; polynomial, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions; inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.

UNIT 8: INTEGRAL CALCULAS: 

Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type

The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves by simple curves in standard forms.

UNIT 9: DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS: 

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree, the solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type

UNIT 10: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY: 

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus and its equation, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis. 

Straight line: 

Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle.

 Circle, conic sections: 

A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms.

UNIT 11: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY: 

Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines and the angle between two intersecting lines. Equation of a line; Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation.

 UNIT 12: VECTOR ALGEBRA: 

Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional spaces, scalar and vector products. 

UNIT 13: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: 

Measures of dispersion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data, calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variable.

UNIT 14: TRIGONOMETRY: 

Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions their properties.

UGC NET POLITICAL SCIENCE

Complete Module & Study Planner

Paper II — Subject Code: 02

Exam Pattern at a Glance

MASTER STUDY PLAN & TIME FRAMEWORK

6-Month Preparation Timeline

Weekly Schedule Template

UNIT 1: POLITICAL THEORY

1.1 Core Concepts

Master these foundational concepts first — they form the scaffolding for every other unit.

Liberty

• Negative Liberty — Freedom from interference (Isaiah Berlin, J.S. Mill)
• Positive Liberty — Freedom to achieve one's potential (T.H. Green, Rousseau)
• Republican Liberty — Non-domination; freedom from arbitrary power (Philip Pettit)
• Key Debates: Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty (1958); MacCallum's triadic formula

Equality

• Formal Equality — Equal treatment under law
• Equality of Opportunity — Fair competition for positions
• Equality of Outcome — Reducing actual disparities (socialist ideal)
• Rawlsian Equality — Difference Principle: inequalities allowed only if they benefit the least advantaged
• Key Thinkers: Rawls, Nozick (against patterned equality), Dworkin (equality of resources)

Justice

• Distributive Justice — How goods are allocated in society (Rawls, Nozick, Marx)
• Retributive Justice — Punishment proportionate to wrongdoing
• Restorative Justice — Repairing harm, reconciliation
• Social Justice — Structural approach addressing systemic inequalities
• Key: Rawls' Veil of Ignorance; Nozick's Entitlement Theory

Rights

• Natural Rights — Pre-political, held by virtue of humanity (Locke: life, liberty, property)
• Negative Rights — Duties of non-interference (civil and political rights)
• Positive Rights — Duties to provide (social, economic, cultural rights)
• Human Rights — Universal; codified in UDHR (1948)
• Group Rights — Rights of communities and minorities (Kymlicka)

Democracy

• Direct Democracy — Citizens decide directly (Athenian model)
• Representative Democracy — Elected representatives govern
• Liberal Democracy — Combines popular rule + constitutional rights
• Deliberative Democracy — Rational public discourse as legitimacy (Habermas)
• Participatory Democracy — Maximising citizen involvement (Pateman, Barber)

Power

• Power Over — Coercive domination (Dahl's pluralist model: A makes B do what B wouldn't)
• Power To — Capacity to act (Hannah Arendt: power as collective action)
• Three Faces/Dimensions of Power: Lukes — decision-making, non-decision-making, agenda-setting
• Foucaultian Power — Diffuse, relational, embedded in knowledge/discourse

Citizenship

• Marshall's Three Dimensions: Civil (18th c.) → Political (19th c.) → Social (20th c.)
• Liberal Citizenship — Rights-based, passive
• Republican Citizenship — Active duty-based participation
• Multicultural Citizenship — Group-differentiated rights (Kymlicka)
• Cosmopolitan Citizenship — Global citizenship beyond nation-state

1.2 Political Traditions (Ideologies)

These are directly mentioned in the official syllabus. Expect 5–7 questions from this section alone.

Liberalism

• Core values: Individualism, Liberty, Tolerance, Rule of Law, Limited Government, Pluralism
• Classical Liberalism: Locke, Mill, Smith — minimal state, free markets, negative liberty
• Modern/Social Liberalism: Rawls, Keynes, T.H. Green — welfare state, positive liberty
• Neoliberalism: Hayek, Friedman — revival of market fundamentalism, critique of welfare state
• Key critique: ignores economic power; atomistic individualism

Conservatism

• Core values: Tradition, Organic change, Social order, Hierarchy, Continuity
• Edmund Burke — Society as partnership between generations; against radical revolution
• Social Conservatism — Traditional family, religion, national identity
• Fiscal Conservatism — Free markets, minimal state expenditure
• Neoconservatism — Market economics + aggressive foreign policy (US context)
• One-Nation Conservatism (Disraeli) — Social reform to preserve hierarchy

Socialism

• Core values: Equality, Solidarity, Collective ownership, Meeting human needs
• Democratic Socialism — Parliamentary path to socialism (Bernstein, Fabian Society)
• Revolutionary Socialism — Overthrow of capitalism (Lenin)
• Market Socialism — Worker-owned firms with price mechanisms
• Utopian Socialism — Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier
• Key critique of liberalism: economic inequality undermines political freedom

Marxism

• Historical Materialism — Economic base determines political/cultural superstructure
• Class Struggle — Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat as engine of history
• Dialectical Materialism — Thesis → Antithesis → Synthesis (Hegel + Marx)
• Alienation — Worker estranged from product, process, species-being, other humans
• Ideology — Ruling class ideas presented as universal (false consciousness)
• Variants: Leninism (vanguard party), Trotskyism (permanent revolution), Gramsci (hegemony), Frankfurt School

Feminism

• Liberal Feminism — Equal rights within existing structures (Wollstonecraft, NOW)
• Radical Feminism — Patriarchy as root oppression; personal is political
• Socialist Feminism — Intersection of capitalism and patriarchy (Juliet Mitchell)
• Intersectional Feminism — Gender × race × class × sexuality (Kimberlé Crenshaw)
• Postmodern/Queer Feminism — Gender as performance, not essence (Judith Butler)
• Eco-Feminism — Link between domination of women and nature

Ecologism

• Shallow Ecology / Environmentalism — Manage nature for human benefit
• Deep Ecology — Nature has intrinsic value; anthropocentrism is wrong (Naess)
• Eco-Socialism — Environmental destruction rooted in capitalism
• Eco-Feminism — Parallel domination of women and nature
• Sustainability — Meeting present needs without compromising future generations (Brundtland)
• Climate Justice — Who bears burden of ecological crisis (Global South perspective)

Multiculturalism

• Descriptive: Modern societies contain diverse cultural communities
• Normative: State should recognise and accommodate cultural diversity
• Will Kymlicka — Minority group rights protect 'societal cultures'
• Types: Liberal multiculturalism, communitarian multiculturalism
• Interculturalism — Dialogue and integration model (alternative to multiculturalism)
• Critiques: Left — fragments class solidarity; Right — undermines national cohesion

Postmodernism

• Skepticism of grand narratives — Lyotard: rejection of meta-narratives (Enlightenment, Marxism)
• Foucault — Power/Knowledge nexus; genealogy of institutions
• Derrida — Deconstruction; logocentrism; difference
• Baudrillard — Simulacra; hyperreality; signs replace reality
• Political implications: Emphasis on difference, plurality, local resistance
• Critique: Undermines foundations for emancipatory politics

NEET UG 2026 Physics Syllabus: Check Latest Syllabus

To do well in NEET Physics, it's really important to build a strong foundation. Instead of just memorizing formulas, focus on understanding the basic ideas to create a solid foundation. The NMC (National Medical Commission) has introduced experimental-based topics in the NEET Physics portion, accounting for approximately 10% of all the topics.

Units and Measurements

Units, SI units, dimensional analysis, errors, significant figures

Kinematics

• The frame of reference, motion in a straight line. Position- time graph. speed and velocity: Uniform and non-uniform motion. average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion. velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.
• Scalars and Vectors. Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products. Unit Vector. Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity.

• Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion. Uniform Circular Motion.

Laws of Motion

• Force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion: Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses: Newton's Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
• Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction. rolling friction.
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road. vehicle on a banked road.

Work, Energy and Power

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies. work-energy theorem, power.
• The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy. conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Rotational Motion

• Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body: Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications.
• The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems. and their applications.
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies. rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

Gravitation

• The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler's law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
• Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

Properties of Solid and Liquids

• Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
• Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow. Critical velocity Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise.
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation.

Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
• The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

• • Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure.
  • Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.

Oscillation and Waves

• Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
• Wave motion, Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of traveling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics- Beats.

NEET UG 2026 Physics Class 12 Syllabus

Electrostatics

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two-point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
• Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
• Electric flux' Gauss's law and its applications to find fields due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
• Conductors and Insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.

Current Electricity

• Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law. Electrical resistance. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
• Electrical energy and power' Electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.
• Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.

Magnetic Effects Of Current and Magnetism

• Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere.
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid. magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) among its axis and perpendicular to its axis.
• Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, Wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

Electromagnetic Waves

• Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of EM waves.

Optics

• Reflection of light, spherical minors, mirror formula. Refraction of right at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.
• Magnification, Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
• Wave optics: wave front and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid.

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light.
• Matter waves - wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.

Atoms and Nuclei

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
• Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

Experimental Skills

• • • Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
    • Vernier calipers - its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
    • Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness V diameter of thin sheet/wire.
    • Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
    • Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
    • Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
    • Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
    • Coefficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
    • Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
    • Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
    • The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a meter bridge.
    • The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
    • Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
    • The focal length of;
  • Convex mirror
  • Concave mirror, and
  • Convex lens, using the parallax method.
    • The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
    • Refractive index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope.
    • Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
    • Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
    • Identification of Diode. LED, Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such item

 0. General Physics & Kinematics (3 Core topics)  

 •  Physical world and measurement
• Kinematics
•  Laws of motion
1. Mechanics  (7 Topics and 59 subtopics )  

I . Vector Calculus (7 Core  topics)  

 •  Scalar and vector products
•  Vector identities
•  Background of vector calculus
•  Concept of line, surface and volume integrals
•  Physical meaning of gradient, divergence and curl
•  Gauss's divergence theorem
•  Stokes' theorem

II . Rigid Body Dynamics (9 Core topics)  

 •  Centre of mass
•  Rotating frame of reference
•  Coriolis force
•  Motion of rigid bodies
•  Moment of inertia
•  Theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes
•  Moment of inertia of sphere, ring, cylinder and disc
•  Angular momentum
•  Torque

III . Central Forces & Gravitation (5 Core topics)  

 •  Central force motion
•  Kepler's Laws of planetary motion
•  Motion of satellite
•  Geostationary satellite
•  Gravitation principles, work, energy, and power

IV. Special Relativity (9 Core topics)  

 •  Galilean transformation
•  Special theory of relativity
•  Michelson-Morley experiment
•  Lorentz transformation equations
•  Variation of mass with velocity
•  Length contraction
•  Time dilation
•  Addition of velocities
•  Mass-energy equivalence relation

V. Fluid Mechanics (6 Core topics)  

 •  Streamline and turbulent motions

•  Reynolds number
•  Stokes' law
•  Poiseuille's formula
•  Flow of liquid through narrow tube
•  Bernoulli's formula with applications
VI. Properties of Matter (6 Core topics)  

 •  Surface tension
•  Stress-strain relationship
•  Hooke's Law
•  Modulii of elasticity and interrelation between them
•  Poisson's ratio
•  Elastic energy

2. Thermal Physics (4 Topics | 33 sub topics)  

I. Thermodynamics Foundations (7 Core topics)  

 •  Concept of temperature and the zeroth law
•  First law of thermodynamics and internal energy
•  Isothermal and adiabatic changes
•  Second law of thermodynamics
•  Entropy
•  Carnot cycle and Carnot engine
•  Absolute scale of temperature
II.Thermodynamic Relations (4 Core topics)  

 •  Maxwell's thermodynamical relations
•  The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
•  Porous plug experiment and Joule Thomson effect
•  Production of low temperatures by adiabatic demagnetization

    Kinetic Theory of Gases (9 Core topics) 

   •  Behaviour of ideal gas and molecular theory of gases
•  Kinetic theory of gases
•  Maxwell distribution law of velocities
•  Calculation of mean velocity, root mean square velocity and the Most probable velocity
•  Degrees of freedom
•  Law of equipartition of energy
•  Specific heats of gases
•  Mean free path
•  Transport phenomena
    Radiation (7 Core topics)  

 •  Black body radiation
•  Stefan's law
•  Newton's law of cooling
•  Wien's law
•  Rayleigh Jeans' law
•  Planck's law
•  Solar constant
3. Waves & Oscillations (2 Topics | 14 sub topics)    

 I. Oscillations & Resonance (6 Core topics)  

 •  Oscillation
•  Simple harmonic motion
•  Damped harmonic-motion
•  Forced oscillations and resonance
•  Sharpness of resonance
•  Quality factor

II.  Wave Propagation (6 Core topics)  

 •  Wave equation
•  Plane and spherical waves
•  Superposition of waves
•  Fourier analysis of periodic waves - square and triangular waves
•  Phase and group velocities
•  Beats
4. Optics (4 Topics | 26 sub topics)  

I. Geometrical Optics (4 Core Items)  

 •  Cardinal points of a coaxial system
•  Simple problems on combination of thin lenses
•  Ramsden eyepiece
•  Huygens eyepiece
 II. Interference  (7 Core topics)  

 •  Huygen's principle
•  Conditions for sustained interference
•  Young double slit experiment
•  Division of amplitude and wavefront
•  Fresnel biprism
•  Newtons rings
•  Michelson interferometer

 III. Diffraction & Resolving Power (4 Core Items)  

 •  Diffraction by straight edge
•  Single, double and multiple slits
•  Rayleigh's criterion
•  Resolving power of optical instruments

 IV. Polarization (6 Core topics)  

 •  Polarization
•  Production and detection of polarized light (linear circular and elliptical)
•  Brewster's law
•  Huygen's theory of double refraction
•  Optical rotation
•  Polarimeter
5. Laser (1 Topic | 6Sub topics)  

I. Laser Fundamentals & Systems (5 Core topics)  

 •  Temporal and spatial coherence
•  Stimulated emission
•  Basic ideas about laser emission
•  Ruby laser
•  He-Ne laser
6. Electricity & Magnetism (4 Topics | 27 sub topics)  

I. Electrostatics & DC Circuits  (4 Core topics)  

 •  Gauss law and its applications
•  Electric potential
•  Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
•  Wheatstone's bridge

7. Modern Physics (5 Topics | 41 topics ) 

 I. Atomic Physics & Spectroscopy (11 Core topics )    

•  Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom
•  Electron spin
•  Pauli's exclusion principle
•  Optical and X-ray spectra
•  Spatial quantization and Stern-Gerlach experiment
•  Vector model of the atom
•  Spectral terms
•  Fine structure of spectral lines
•  J-J and L-S coupling
•  Zeeman effect
•  Raman effect
II. Quantum Mechanics Foundations (7 Core topics )  

 •  Photoelectric effect
•  Compton effect
•  de Broglie waves
•  Wave-particle duality
•  Uncertainty principle
•  Postulates of quantum mechanics
•  Schrodinger wave equation

III. Quantum Mechanics Applications (3 Core topics)  

 •  Application: Particle in a box
•  Application: Motion across a step potential
•  Application: One dimensional harmonic oscillator and eigen values

IV. Solid State Physics (7 Core topics)  

 •  Einstein's and debye theory of specific heat of solids
•  Band theory of solids
•  Energy band, Kronig-Penny model in one dimension
•  Energy gap
•  Distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators
•  Variation of Fermi level with temperature and effective mass
•  Elementary ideas of super conductivity
V. Nuclear & Particle Physics (8 Core topics)  

 •  Radio activity
•  Alfa, beta and gamma radiations
•  Elementary theory of alpha decay
•  Nuclear binding energy
•  Semi empirical mass formula
•  Nuclear fission and fusion and nuclear reactors
•  Elementary particles
•  Particle accelerator, cyclotron, linear accelerator
8. Electronics (3 Topics | 16 topics)  

I. Semiconductor Devices (4 Core topics)    

•  Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
•  PN junction, Zener diode and their characteristics
•  Unipolar and bipolar transistors
•  Solar cells

III.  Electronic Circuits & Communication (2 Core topics) 

   •  Use of diode and transistor for rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation and detection
• R.f. waves

 IV. Digital Electronics (2 Core topics)

 •  Logic gates and their truth tables
•  Some applications